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Ghorbani M S, Taghadosi M, Shariat A, Akbari H. Effects of Althaea Root Extract on Alleviating Chemotherapy-Induced Stomatitis Pain: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. JCCNC 2018; 4 (1) :37-44
URL: http://jccnc.iums.ac.ir/article-1-163-en.html
1- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Kashan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Kashan, Iran.
2- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Kashan, Iran.
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1. Background
Stomatitis or oral mucositis is a serious and debilitating side effect of chemotherapy. Patients with stomatitis suffer from symptoms, such as dry mouth, erythema, edema, painful bleeding wounds, infection (secondary or systemic), and altered sense of taste (Yayla et al. 2016; Kooshyar et al. 2017, Silva et al. 2017) .The incidence of oral mucositis is reported to be 15%-90% overall among patients (Dutta & Garg 2016). 
The main cause of stomatitis is unclear but probably due to increased levels of prostaglandins, anti-metabolites, free radicals, anti-tumor antibiotics, and factors such as β-type interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor α (Kooshyar et al. 2017). Stomatitis is more frequently seen in medication regimens, such as cytarabine, Fluorouracil (5-FU), etoposide, doxorubicin, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel and actinomycin (Avritscher, Cooksley & Elting 2004; Alijani Renani et al. 2012). Stomatitis not only causes discomfort for the patient by inducing pain (prevalence rate of 76% to 86%) (Mansouri et al. 2016), but may also interfere in receiving food and liquids (Eslami et al. 2016), and ends in malnutrition, dehydration, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, nausea, vomiting and even aspiration (Eilers & Million 2007). 

The outcome of these complications is prolonged hospitalization and special care, such as intravenous infusion, parenteral nutrition, and administration of opioids and barbiturates (Lalla et al. 2008; Gupta and West 2016). Severe stomatitis may lead to reduction in the chemotherapy drug dose, discontinuation of treatment, the patient’s refusal of further treatment, treatment failure, increased costs, reduced quality of life, and even life-threatening problems (Pavesi et al. 2011; Ala et al. 2016; Charantimath 2016; Silva et al. 2017). Because there is a relationship between the mouth and dreams, sexual communication, talking, social activities, sleeping and nutrition; maintenance of oral health is of particular importance (Shabanlouei et al. 2006)
Nowadays, different strategies such as management of local or systemic pain (using paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or opioids) (Dutta & Garg 2016); bleeding control and debridement of mouth sores; oral hygiene and mouthwashes; antacids containing diphenhydramine, nystatin, prostaglandin E; psychotherapy (Ashktorab et al. 2010; Brunner 2010, Miranzadeh et al. 2014; Eslami et al. 2016); cryotherapy and low-level lasers are used to alleviate stomatitis pain and healing of oral ulcers (Pavesi et al. 2011; Gupta & West 2016). Most of these treatments have no significant results and sometimes even cause side effects (Barahimi et al. 2006; Charantimath 2016). 
One of the treatments is herbal medicines, used for the treatment of various diseases since ancient times. Althaea officinalis-L, is one of the most important medicinal mucilaginous herbs and of the Malvaceae family. This plant which is commonly known as Althaea (Khatmi in Persian), is distributed worldwide (Benbassat et al. 2014). All parts of this plant (leaves, flowers, and roots) have medicinal properties (Al-Snafi 2013; Dehghan, Dashti & Baghizadeh 2013). Althaea root (sodden, or its extract) is used in fever, swelling of the lining of the mouth, dry throat, gastric ulcer, bronchitis, wound healing and skin irritation. 
Well-known compounds of roots include flavonoids, polysaccharides and mucin. Polysaccharides in Althaea root have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, stimulating the immune system. Polysaccharides and flavonoids in Althaea root have antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-tumour effects (Shah et al. 2011; Al-Snafi 2013; Ghavi 2015).
Jafari Manesh et al. (2015) reported the effect of aqueous extracts of the Althaea flower and root on reduction of the symptoms of hand skin allergy caused by latex. On the other hand, Motaharinia showed that the Althaea flower and root extract has less antifungal effect on Malassezia furfur compared with ketoconazole (Motaharinia et al. 2011). Shah et al. (2011) reported the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of Althaea root.
One of the most effective treatments is the use of mouthwash. Chemical mouthwashes have side effects, such as brown staining of the teeth, changes in sense of taste and bitter taste, and due to a weakened immune system, it is difficult for the patient to tolerate the irritation caused by chemical mouthwash. It sometimes leads to ulcers and exacerbation of bleeding (Tobias et al. 2010). Nowadays, herbal mouthwashes are of great interest due to their low complications (Alijani Renani et al. 2012).
We observed that some patients used Althaea (flower or root) to alleviate and heal their oral ulcers. Considering the lack of effective treatment as well as no clinical studies on the treatment effects of Althaea on stomatitis, the present study aimed to determine the effect of mouthwash containing hydro-alcoholic extract of Althaea root on the alleviation of stomatitis pain.

2. Materials and Methods
This triple-blind clinical trial was conducted on cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced stomatitis (grades 1-3), who were referring to the Oncology Ward of Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan, Iran, in 2016. The patients, nurses who gave mouthwash to the patients and the statistician who performed the data analysis were blinded to the study and intervention outcomes. 
The inclusion criteria of the study samples were as follows: undergoing chemotherapy without simultaneous radiation therapy; suffering from stomatitis (with grades 1-3); being≥20 years old; having complete consciousness; willing to participate in the study; lacking any known underlying disease (kidney, liver, and immune deficiency); lacking any known hypersensitivity (asthma, rhinitis, and allergies); and not receiving systemic antibiotics and antifungal drugs at the start of the study.
The exclusion criteria were as follows: receiving radiation therapy during chemotherapy; developing fever; leaving the study; irregular using of the mouthwash in terms of time and amount; and receiving systemic antibiotic or antifungal drugs during the study or using another mouthwash during the study. 
The sample size was calculated according to the sample size formula and parameters were derived from the previous study conducted on the same topic (Barahimi et al. 2006), (a type I error of 5% and a type II error of 10%, the recovery rate in the experimental group was 31% [p1], whereas that in the control group was 20% [p2], and considering the maximum difference of 35% in rate of recovery between two groups). A 50-subject sample size (25 in each group) was estimated for the study.

 
At the beginning of the study, all patients were divided into experimental and control groups, using permuted block randomization (Figure 1).

Intervention
The control group received the Oncology Ward’s routine mouthwash. Approximately 100 mL of the routine mouthwash contained 5 mL (100 mg) of 2% lidocaine, 2 mL (8 mg) of dexamethasone, 3 mg (1500 mg) of sucralfate, 30 mL (75 mg) of diphenhydramine syrup, and 60 mL (5400 mg) of Aluminum-Magnesium-simethicone (Al-Mg-s) syrup, lidocaine ampoule, nystatin drops, Al-Mg-S, and diphenhydramine syrup (purchased from Exir Co. Emad Darman Pars Co., Soha Co., and Alhawi Co., Tehran, Iran).
The experimental group received a combination of half of the routine mouthwash and Althaea root extract with a concentration of 8% (50.50). Approximately 100 mL of this solution contained 2.5 mL (50 mg) of 2% lidocaine, 1 mL (4 mg) of dexamethasone, 1.5 mL (750 mg) of sucralfate, 15 mL (37.5 mg) of diphenhydramine syrup, 30 mL (2750 mg) of Al-Mg-S syrup, and 50 mL of Althaea root extract. Mouthwashes with the same ratio reached the final volume of 840 mL (for 14 days of use) and then poured into identical dark bottles, in terms of shape and size, which were labeled by a special code.
After confirmation by a botanist and drying in the shade, Althaea root was milled into powder form by Barij Essence Pharmaceutical Company, Kashan, Iran. The powder was poured into a percolator after being wetted with solvent (96% ethanol). Subsequently, 96% ethanol was added to it to receive a 1:1 ratio after 48 hours. Its solvent was isolated as much as possible by a condenser under vacuum. It was then placed in front of airflow in wide trays so that the solvent was completely evaporated and turned into dried extract. The extracted powder was sterilized by ultraviolet radiation and then poured into a dark bottle, and maintained at 4°C until further use. The extraction ratio of the extract and root powder was 8% (Jafari Manesh et al. 2015).
In this study, researchers using face-to-face training methods educated patients in both study groups were separately with the oral care procedure and the use of toothbrushes and mouthwash. The patients were trained to wash their hands four times a day; after breakfast, lunch, dinner, and before bedtime, clean their teeth with a soft toothbrush and a gentle toothpaste, and gargle 15 mL of the mouthwash solution every time for three minutes (kept the solution in their mouth and then poured it out) within 14 days.
The patients were requested not to wash their mouth and eat anything until 1 hour after rinsing with the mouthwash. To ensure the proper implementation of the mouthwash, patients or their companions were trained to mark a check sheet (consisting of 14 rows [days] and four columns [four times a day]). According to the check sheets, if the participant did not comply with the treat
 

 
ment protocol, he or she would be excluded from the study. The patients were requested to return the bottle into the refrigerator after every rinse.

Data collection
The data collection instrument had two parts. The first part included the patient’s demographic information (age, sex, marital status, education level, occupation) and questions about the duration of cancer, chemotherapy information (type and number of cycles before intervention), receiving an analgesic and artificial teeth. The second part consisted of the checklist to record the severity of oral pain, based on Visual Analog Scale (VAS) self-reported criteria. 
VAS is a standard tool for measuring pain intensity. This instrument is a 10-cm ruler in which 0 shows no pain and 10 represents intolerable pain (Epstein & Schubert 2004). VAS is a quick, simple, stable, and valid tool that has been used in many investigations and medical trials (Mohseni Bandpei et al. 2012). The validity and reliability of this instrument have also been confirmed in previous studies (Hojjati et al. 2012; Sharif Nia et al. 2017). Patients’ oral pain were assessed by the researcher in the first, 7th and 14th days using a flashlight, tongue blade, and swaps; a checklist of stomatitis severity and oral pain intensity was also completed. 
The study goals were explained to all study patients and their written consent was obtained. All patients were free to participate or leave the study and their treatment information was held confidential. They were also aware that in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, punishment will be considered in the case of disclosure of patient’s information by the researchers.

Data analysis
The data were analyzed by SPSS-PC, V. 19. To compare two groups, the Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used for qualitative data. To determine the normal distribution of variables, we used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, that approved the normality of the quantitative data. The analyses were conducted based on the intention-to-treat approach. The Independent t test was used for comparison of mean scores between the two groups. Finally, repeated measures ANOVA were used to analyze the effect of time and treatment groups on changes in pain severity. P<0.05 was considered significant.

3. Results
A total of 50 patients participated in the study. The Mean (SD) age in the control and experimental groups was 49.48(16.80) and 53.96(15.48) year, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, sex, marital status, level of education, dentures, duration of disease, number and type of chemotherapy, and cancer type (P≥0.05) (Table 1).
At the baseline, the mean score of stomatitis oral pain in the experimental group was 4.36(1.70), which dropped to 2.72(1.67) on the 7th day and 1.12(1.56) on the 14th day after the intervention. In the control group, the mean score of stomatitis oral pain was 4.28(1.39),, which reduced to 2.36(1.18) on the 7th and 1.60(1.15) on the 14th day after the intervention (P<0.05) (Table 2). 
Comparison of the mean score of oral pain severity between two groups (with Independent t test) showed no significant statistical difference between two groups before the intervention and the 7th day after it in terms of oral pain severity (P≥0.05), but a statistically significant difference was observed on the 14th day (P<0.05) (Table 2).
Repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant difference between two groups in terms of the mean score of oral pain (P<0.05). Moreover, the interaction effect of time and group showed that oral pain between two groups changed over time. In other words, changes in the severity of oral pain were not similar in both groups, and a reduction in severity of oral pain was statistically significant in the experimental group compared with the control group (P<0.05) (Table 2) (Figure 2).

4. Discussion
This study compared the effect of mouthwash containing hydroalcoholic extract of Althaea root with the current oncology routine mouthwash on alleviating stomatitis-induced oral pain. The severity of oral pain showed a further decrease in the experimental group, which used the mouthwash containing Althaea root extract compared with the control group with the routine mouthwash. However, Althaea root extract-contained solution composed half of the component of the routine solution.
Valiei observed the inhibitory effect of hexane extract of Althaea root on a number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and oral fungus (Valiei, Shafaghat & Salimi 2011).
 



 


 
 Shah et al. have reported the inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of Althaea root on adenovirus, coxsackie virus B2, herpes virus Type 1, polio virus, measles virus, Semlicki Forest virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Shah et al. 2011).
Flavonoids and polysaccharides found in Althaea root have confirmed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antibacterial, and antiviral effects (Zoobi & Mohd 2011; Sathishkumar et al. 2008). Polyphenolic compounds (flavonoids) found in Althaea root exert their inhibitory effects on bacterial growth by producing hydrogen peroxide, which probably reduces oral microbial load (Dehghan, Dashti & Baghizadeh 2013). 
This reduction may be due to reduced microbial load, inflammation and irritation of the oral cavity caused by the protective effect of compounds (flavonoids, polysaccharides and pectin) found in Althaea. Jafari Manesh et al. (2015) showed that Althaea extract (root and flower) reduced the symptoms of skin sensitivity to materials containing latex in the experimental group. 
Al-Snafi (2013) reported the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-ulcer properties of Althaea root on rats, as well as the positive effect of 20% ointment containing aqueous extract of the Althaea root on the external ear itching in rabbits. 
These effects are due to the fact that the Althaea plant is rich in antioxidants, which can deactivate free radicals, and their protective activity is essential for the body. A total of 69% of the Althaea antioxidant activity is related to alpha-tocopherol combination (Kardošová & Machova 2006). It seems that the anti-inflammatory properties of Althaea root are due to the bio-adhesive polysaccharide layer on the surface of inflamed and damaged epithelial lining of the oral mouth, thereby leading to enhanced protection and hydration of oral mucosal tissues against chemical, physical, and biological, and prevents the cellular and regional inflammation (Deters et al. 2010).
The antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and protective properties of Althaea root extract might explain some of the results we observed in our experiment. Among herbal plants, Althaea is a well-known plant due to its wide range of therapeutic effects. It has been used for thou
 


 
sands of years for the treatment of different disorders, especially wounds, infections, fever, and bronchitis.
Even if we assume that the effect of the two mouthwashes in the treatment of stomatitis pain is equal, the dose of chemical drugs in the mouthwash containing Althaea root extract has been reduced by half in comparison to routine mouthwash so the side effect of these drugs has been reduced as well. 
Althaea root extract-contained solution was effective in alleviating of oral pain. The patients, who used this mouthwash, were satisfied with the result of treatment. Toxicity, allergic reactions, or other side effects were not observed upon using this mouthwash during the study. Considering the availability and lower cost of the Althaea plant compared to chemical drugs, this solution is recommended for the alleviation of stomatitis pain along with other existing therapies.
Since the Althaea root extract was combined with the routine solution it is better that the extract is used alone in future studies to reveal the therapeutic effects of Althaea as well. Some limitations of the current study were as follows: the small sample size, inability to control observance of recommendations by patients at home, disregarding other variables such as history of oral disease, and paraclinical parameters such as white blood cells and platelets that could confound the findings of the study. The possibility of false reports by the patients should also be considered. 

Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kashan University of Medical Sciences under the code of IR.KAUMS.REC1395.10, in May 17, 2016. It was also registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCTs) under the number IRCT201307274655N4.

Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Conflict of interest
Study design, sampling, data collection and preparing the manuscript: Mohamad Sadegh Ghorbani; Data and statistical analysis: Dr. Hossein Akbari; and Supervising the study: Dr. Mohsen Taghadosi.

Acknowledgements
Hereby, the authors appreciate the personnel of the oncology and chemotherapy clinics of Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan, for their cooperation, Barij Essence Pharmaceutical Company, especially Dr Hosseini, for the preparation of Althaea root extract, as well as patients who implemented the recommendations with pain tolerance and used the mouthwash. 


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Type of Study: Research | Subject: Special
Received: 2017/08/10 | Accepted: 2017/12/5 | Published: 2018/02/1

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