● Despite all the positive effects of physical activity on maternal and fetal health, its level is low among pregnant women. 
● Various barriers seem to prevent physical activity during pregnancy. 
● Obstacles related to the intrapersonal level were the most reported in the reviewed studies. 
● Symptoms and limitations of pregnancy were the most reported barriers in some studies.
● Concerns about maternal and fetal safety, lack of counseling and information, and lack of social support were prominent barriers to pregnancy that need to be addressed in future studies.

Plain Language Summary 
This review study was conducted to identify the perceived barriers to physical activity in pregnant women among the literature that was published between 2000 and 2020. Obstacles related to the intrapersonal level of the ecological model were the most reported in these studies and were classified into five areas, including pregnancy symptoms and limitations, time constraints, misunderstanding the adequacy of daily activities, lack of motivation, and maternal and fetus safety concerns. Barriers at the interpersonal level included lack of consultation and information and lack of social support, and at the environmental, organizational, and political levels, climate and lack of resources were the most reported barriers.

● Epilepsy is a chronic disease and a common disorder that occurs as recurrent seizures. Psychological and social stresses affect the recurrence of epilepsy.
● Research on women’s epilepsy is important because it affects their hormonal changes, pregnancy, breastfeeding, and quality of life.
● The humor training program is a positive psychologic intervention, which reduces psychological distress and improves the quality of life through happiness.
● According to the findings of this study, the female patients reported high levels of happiness and life satisfaction after participating in eight sessions of humor training.
 
Plain Language Summary 
The humor training program is a positive psychological intervention that is used to treat many physical and mental illnesses. It has been shown that humor can help reduce anxiety, depression, death anxiety, and adjustment to disorders and chronic pain in adults and older adults. Also, humor helps to create moments of joy and positive emotions. The results of this study indicated that the life satisfaction and happiness of women with epilepsy increased after eight sessions of humor training.

● Chronic diseases that pose a major threat to health, are often the result of poor lifestyle and cost the health care system dearly. 
● Although adolescents and their health raise an extensively vital problem, studies on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescents have received little attention.
● The results of this study showed that the highest mean of health-promoting lifestyle was related to spiritual growth and self-actualization dimension and the lowest mean was related to the dimension of physical activity. 
● There was a significant relationship between awareness of non-alcoholic fatty liver and the health responsibility of the students. 

Plain Language Summary 
Non-alcoholic fatty liver as one of the most prevalent chronic diseases is a silent and benign disease, which is preventable. It has been shown that improper lifestyle is responsible for most of the causes of chronic diseases and mortality. A health-promoting lifestyle is a process an individual pursues consciously to promote his/her health. This study discusses the relationship between awareness of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and health-promoting lifestyle in secondary high school adolescents in the west of Tehran. The results showed that the spiritual growth and self-actualization dimensions of health-promoting lifestyle had the highest and the physical activity had the lowest score. Furthermore, the results revealed a significant relationship between awareness of the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and health responsibility. 

● Heart failure is one of the most common cardiovascular disorders worldwide.
● Caregiver burden is the physical, psychological, and social responses of the caregiver to the imbalance between caring needs and their other tasks.
● The family-centered empowerment model reduces the caregiver burden in caregivers of older adults with heart failure. 

Plain Language Summary 
Heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the tissues’ need for oxygen and nutrients, which could lead to shortness of breath, swelling of the ankles and legs, cognitive impairment, fatigue, lethargy, and weight gain due to fluid retention. Neglecting the training of patients with heart failure and their family caregivers is the most important defect in the process of treatment and caring for these patients, which makes the patients more likely to be readmitted to the hospital. Family caregivers experience many problems in response to the imbalance between meeting the caring needs of their patients and other tasks of themselves. The results of this study revealed that the family-centered empowerment model reduces the caregiver burden in family caregivers of older adults with heart failure. 

● Community health nurses have an important role to play in promoting public health.
● Public health nursing aims to promote and protect the health of people based on nursing knowledge, public health measures, and social sciences.
● It is necessary to assess and evaluate practical nursing education programs from the perspective of those involved.
● The participants of this study summarized the barriers to student nurses’ education in public health practicum as organizational, educational, and workforce challenges. 

Plain Language Summary 
Community health nurses are known as key members of the health care team who can deliver health care services to clients in three levels of prevention in the community. Practical training is a vital dimension of nursing education, and community health nursing students should be competent for providing health care in the community. The findings of this study revealed that Iranian nursing students face numerous organizational, educational, and workforce challenges in their public health practicum. 

● Chronic malnutrition is recognized as the best indicator of the quality of human capital of a country. 
● Many children in underdeveloped countries suffer from stunting or low height for age.
● Stunting leads to wide-ranging adverse outcomes, including short-term outcomes, such as morbidity and mortality in infants/toddlers, medium-term outcomes, such as reduced mental and cognitive abilities, and long-term outcomes, including its impact on human resource quality and degenerative diseases in adulthood. 
● The findings of this study showed that lower levels of maternal education greatly affect the incidence of stunting in children.

Plain Language Summary 
Stunting in children is a form of growth disorder caused by chronic malnutrition, especially in the first 1000 days of life. Stunting indicates a public health problem because it is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality, decreased motor and mental function development, and reduced physical capacity. Many factors influence the incidence of stunting, including exclusive breastfeeding for less than 6 months of age, low birth weight, low family income, and low maternal education level. The findings of this study determined mothers’ education as the predictor of the incidence of stunting in children. 

● The face-to-face method of education, as an effective method, can decrease children’s constipation severity.
● Education by multimedia technique is more effective than the face-to-face method in reducing the severity of functional constipation in children.
● The multimedia method of education about constipation provides the children with the opportunity to frequently review educational content, answer questions, and experience deep learning.

Plain Language Summary 
Constipation is a common problem among children. Functional constipation usually occurs when a child intentionally refuses to defecate to prevent painful bowel movements. Constipation could occur because of children’s lack of awareness about it. There are many techniques for teaching appropriate behaviors to children; e.g. multimedia and face-to-face methods. These methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. According to the results of this study, both multimedia and face-to-face educational techniques decreased constipation severity but the multimedia method was more effective. 

● Moulage may provide a unique opportunity to educate students on various clinical cases that would be difficult to achieve in clinical education. 
● Most of the students correctly assessed all the stages of pressure injury moulages on the standardized patients. 
● Most of the students strongly agreed that their assessment skills of pressure injury improved after the simulation. 
● Most of the students evaluated the moulages as realistic.

Plain Language Summary 
 In nursing education, simulation use is becoming increasingly common as an additional training method for developing nursing skills. For simulated learning to be effective, it is important to create realistic visual and tactual experiences in the learning environment. This can be achieved by using the art of using makeup materials to create skin lesions called moulage. This study was done to determine nursing students’ satisfaction and evaluation on the use of moulage to classify pressure injuries. In this study, most of the students correctly assessed all the stages of pressure injury moulages on the standardized patients and strongly agreed that their assessment skills of pressure injury improved after the simulation.