1. Introduction
Stunting is a condition, in which a child is not reaching their full height potential due to a lack of food or water. Chronic malnutrition results from undernourishment often associated with poverty, poor maternal health, and nutrition, frequent illness, or inappropriate feeding and care in early life (World Health Organization, 2020). Stunting is a nutritional deficiency problem that can be caused by not getting enough food, starting when the child is still in the womb until the first 1000 days of a child’s life (Anato et al., 2020; Brentani & Fink, 2016)evidence on children’s early life outcomes remains mixed. We analyze the empirical relationship between maternal depression and children’s development at age one using data from the São Paulo Western Region Cohort project. METHOD: Seven hundred and ninety-eight (798. This condition can be detected by measuring the nutritional status of children based on height for age with the results of Z -score of 3.0 SD to <-2.0 SD (short) and Z-score <-3.0 SD (very short), which indicates a short or very short body condition caused by growth failure (Salma, ETAL., 2020; Salma & Harleli, 2021a).
Stunting has both short-term and long-term effects. These adverse effects may include decreased intelligence, susceptibility to disease due to inadequate immune systems, and increased risk of chronic diseases (Berhe et al., 2019; Vilcins, Sly, & Jagals, 2018).

In 2020, 149.2 million children under five years of age worldwide were stunted, 45.4 million were wasted, and 38.9 million were overweight. The number of stunted children is dropping in all regions, except Africa. Most children with severe stunting are living in South Asia, and Asia accounts for more than three-quarters of all children suffering from intense depletion (World Health Organization, 2020).
One of the factors influencing the incidence of stunting in children is maternal depression (Adhikari et al., 2020; Avan et al., 2010; Wemakor & Mensah, 2016), both prenatally and postnatally, which has a negative impact on child growth (Surkan et al., 2011), especially in developing countries (Lima et al., 2017). A British study has linked depressive symptoms during pregnancy to deficient nutrition and cognition in children (Barker et al., 2013). Depressed women may be negligibly able to focus on their own and their children’s needs, including the ability to comprehend and react to the child’s appetite (Pottinger, Trotman-Edwards, & Younger, 2009). Also, maternal weight loss and poor nutritional status make it difficult to breastfeed (Emerson et al., 2017).
Given the impact of maternal depression on infant development, we decided to assess the extent of available data on the relationship between maternal depression and the incidence of stunting in children through a systematic review. 
Previous systematic reviews and meta-analytical studies have reported an association between stunting and several risk factors (Mohseni, Aryankhesal, & Kalantari, 2018). However, data regarding the risk of stunting in children are still conflicting. Several studies have demonstrated this risk, while others have revealed a negative association. This systematic review aims to answer the question “what is the relationship between maternal depression and stunting in children”.

2. Materials and Methods 
This study used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and tried to answer the question “what is the relationship between maternal depression and stunting in children”. We used PICO criteria for asking a focused review question (Table 1).

Data sources and Search Strategy
We used databases commonly used in literature search, including ScienceDirect, PubMed, ProQuest, and Cochrane Library by setting the publication period between 2010 and 2021. We applied the MeSH terms and their validated keyword combinations to MeSH to identify relevant articles, in addition to narrowing the results. We used Boolean Operators (AND, OR, NOT or AND NOT) as conjunctions to combine or exclude keywords in our search to obtain more focused and productive results, including (“mother” OR “maternal”) AND (“depression” OR “depressive disorder” OR “mental health”) AND (“child” OR “infant”) AND (“nutritional disorders” OR “growth disorders” OR “nutritional status” OR “body size”). In addition, in several databases, including ProQuest, Cochrane, and ScienceDirect, we used other alternative keywords, such as “Maternal Mental Health” OR “Maternal Depression” AND Stunting OR “Child Growth”.
Articles obtained from the databases were then screened through two stages: title and abstract search (reviewed simultaneously) and full-text search. Two experts in the field of stunting and psychiatric studies were involved in the assessment of the keywords used and the articles included. Data were extracted through one of the authors of this evaluation and proven by every other author.

Eligibility criteria and study selection
Articles on the subject that met the subsequent criteria:
1. Using an anthropometric assessment for stunting children
2. Assessment of maternal depression
3. Full text published in peer-reviewed journals
4. Articles in English
5. Cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies
Also, review articles, editorials, comments, not full texts, case reports, proceedings, dissertations, and meta-analytical or systematic review articles were excluded.
Maternal depression and stunting in children had been assessed using a variety of methods in the articles included. Depression had been diagnosed through typical diagnostic interrogation, such as the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) (First et al., 2015), or interviews for the Schedule of Clinical Assessments in Neuropsychiatry (Rehman, 2011). At the same time, depressive symptoms had been assessed directly using a questionnaire, such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (Montazeri, Torkan, & Omidvari, 2007), or using the Center for the Study of the Epidemiology of Depression Scale (CES-D) (Shaffer, 2014), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) (Kroenke, Spitzer, & Williams, 2001), the Pitt Inventory, the Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale (AKUADS) (Ali et al., 1998), Pitt Depression Inventory (PDI) (Pitt, 1968), The Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) (Netsereab et al., 2018), The Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) (Derogatis et al., 1974), and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) (Sheehan et al., 1998).

A child’s weight gain can be measured by age or peak for age. Underweight and stunting commonly use the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, which include deviations greater than Standard Deviation (SD) below the recommended weight for age and the suggested peak for age, respectively (i.e., Z-score <2) (de Onis, & Branca, 2016).
The observational selection technique was modified to match the above inclusion criteria. After removing duplicates, the titles and abstracts of the articles were screened for inclusion in this systematic review. We then evaluated the full text of the ultimate articles for the very last inclusion. Any disagreement was resolved via consultation with different researchers.

Assessment of article quality 
To maintain the quality of this review, we selected the articles that met the required criteria. We adopted the Downs and Black assessment tool (Downs & Black, 1998) to rank/sequence the quality of articles based on the high, moderate, and low categories. Only high- and moderate-quality studies were included in the review. Two authors independently checked the quality of the studies and conflicting judgments were resolved by the first author.

Risk of bias
The Cochrane Collaboration’s Risk of Bias Tool (Higgins, Altman, Sterne, 2011) was used to evaluate the risk of bias in the included studies. It was performed by two reviewers independently. More reviewers were consulted to judge unresolved disputes. Judgments were classified as “low risk of bias”, “some concerns”, and “high risk of bias”.

Data extraction
A systematic coding was used to report every statement’s objective, location, populace, layout, and pattern size, the kid’s ages, publicity, and final results measures, confounding variables, and the observation’s analysis approach, results, conclusions, and limitations. Discrepancies in coding were resolved with the aid of using consensus. Studies that met the desired standards were then categorized primarily based totally on their layout (longitudinal, cohort, case–manipulated, or cross-sectional studies), and each was assessed to decide whether the standards were satisfied: (i) Studying the girls and young people; (ii) the reaction rate (i.e., the proportion of people who agreed to take part and finished the follow-up) is 80% or higher; (iii) using a diagnostic degree of depression.

3. Results
Search results
A total of 611 references were found and after duplicates were removed (186 studies), 425 potentially relevant sources remained. A total of 396 articles were removed due to reasons, such as being irrelevant, review/report, no full text available, and book chapters, and 14 articles were finally reviewed. The main focus of this systematic literature review was the relationship between maternal depression and child stunting.
The authors developed a table for a description of the data, including study design, characteristics of the subjects (sample size, nutritional status, and depression screening), and the main findings (Table 2).

The PRISMA flowchart for study selection can be seen in Figure 1.

Characteristics of the studies
The studies included in this review were from several countries, especially countries with many stunting cases, and countries with upper middle income and low state income. The countries included four studies in Ethiopia (Ali et al., 2013; Anato et al., 2020; Girma, Fikadu, & Abdisa, 2019; Medhin et al., 2010) but maternal depression, which could contribute to child undernutrition by interfering with the mother’s child caring practice and ability, has been received little attention. The objective of this study was to assess the association between maternal postpartum depression symptoms and infant (5-10 months of age, two studies in South Africa (Avan, , Raza, & Kirkwood, 2015; Slemming et al., 2017), and one study each in Nepal (Adhikari et al., 2020), Ghana (Wemakor & Mensah, 2016), Kenya (Haithar et al., 2018), Pakistan (Saeed et al., 2017), India (Upadhyay & Srivastava, 2016), Uganda (Ashaba et al., 2015), Tanzania (Kaaya et al., 2016), Bangladesh (Ali et al., 2013), Vietnam (Ali et al., 2013), and Mexico (Freak-Poli et al., 2017). The study designs used were cross-sectional (n=6), cohort (n=3), retrospective cohort (n=1), longitudinal (n=1), and case-control (n=3). In general, the number of participating subjects ranged between 74 and 11,372 mother-child pairs.

Measurements
In general, several variables had been measured in the studies included in this review. However, in order to maintain the stability of this study, we only referred to and focused on the nutritional status of children and the mental state of mothers. However, in some studies, these variables were secondary outcomes. Anthropometric methods based on the WHO guidelines had been used to assess the children’s stunting. The recumbent period had been measured for kids over two years, and the status peak for the rest of the kids was as much as the closest 0.1 cm.
The mother’s mental status had been measured using various tools, including the nine-question Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) (Adhikari et al., 2020; Haithar et al., 2018), the Centre for Epidemiologic Depression Screening (CEDS) (Wemakor & Mensah, 2016), Pitt Depression Inventory (Avan et al., 2015; Slemming et al., 2017), Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale (AKUADS) (Saeed et al., 2017), the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) (Anato et al., 2020)but maternal depression, which could contribute to child undernutrition by interfering with the mother’s child caring practice and ability, has been received little attention. The objective of this study was to assess the association between maternal postpartum depression symptoms and infant (5-10 months of age, Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) (Ali et al., 2013; Girma et al., 2019; Medhin et al., 2010; Upadhyay & Srivastava, 2016), the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) (Ashaba et al., 2015), the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25) (Kaaya et al., 2016), and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D)(Freak-Poli et al., 2017).

Relationship between maternal depression and stunting 
Eight out of fourteen included studies showed a significant relationship between maternal depression and the incidence of stunting in children under five years of age. The other six studies showed no significant relationship between these two variables. Studies that showed no relationship between the variables had been conducted in Nepal (Adhikari et al., 2020), Mexico (Freak-Poli et al., 2017), Vietnam (Ali et al., 2013), one of two studies in South Africa (Slemming et al., 2017), and two of the four studies in Ethiopia (Ali et al., 2013; Medhin et al., 2010).

4. Discussion
The main aim of this systematic evaluation was to find whether maternal depression is related to stunting in children. Eight studies reported an association between maternal depression and toddler weight and it suggested that maternal depression may also play an important role in children’s stunting. This is consistent with theories linking maternal depression to stunting via parenting practices. Maternal depression influences a child’s weight via parenting practices, which are associated with toddler diet (Miller et al., 2021), screen time behaviors (Park et al., 2018), and physical activity (Lampard, Franckle, & Davison, 2014). Long-term depression will have a greater impact on the behavior of parents and toddlers and, consequently, a more chance of influencing toddler weight and height in the long run (Kamis, 2021). A previous review also found that maternal melancholia was associated with being underweight and short stature in early adolescence. (Surkan et al., 2011). This finding was obtained after combining research results with exceptional designs from different places and young people of exceptional ages. The mechanisms responsible for the association between maternal melancholy and insufficient infant growth are unclear. It has not been addressed whether those mechanisms differ among nations and regions. Cultural variations in caregiving and feeding, the diploma of meals, and lack of confidence can also all play a role. Previous studies have indicated that maternal melancholy is related to compromised parenting behavior (Lovejoy et al., 2000; McLearn et al., 2006b), unresponsive care practices (Lovejoy et al., 2000), and a lower likelihood or shorter duration of breastfeeding (McLearn et al., 2006a; Turner & Papinczak, 2000).
Although depictions of underweight and short stature were inconsistent between studies, height and weight were measured by actual instruments, not by self-report. On the other hand, the diagnosis of maternal depression and its severity may be slightly straightforward due to the use of depression scales that were not validated in the study population, especially since different civilizations may have diverse visions of depression. Moreover, there may be a mutual relationship between the mother’s mental health and the child’s health, as the child’s poor health can cause depressive manifestations in the mother (von Salmuth et al., 2021).
All six studies examining the association between episodic maternal depression and risk of stunting found no association, suggesting that episodic maternal depression is not associated with stunting. The inconsistency of the study results is likely due, at least in part, to significant differences in the screening instruments used to measure depression, study designs, age groups of children and mothers, and attitudes (e.g. there are many different factors that influence a person’s choice of living location, including culture and other factors).
The causes of depression in women are complex and include poverty, marital conflict, domestic violence, and a lack of economic resources (Anato et al., 2020)but maternal depression, which could contribute to child undernutrition by interfering with the mother’s child caring practice and ability, has been received little attention. The objective of this study was to assess the association between maternal postpartum depression symptoms and infant (5-10 months of age. However, depression can be managed with several interventions, such as social support, group therapy, and home visits. It has been proved that these interventions might reduce maternal depressive symptoms in various countries, including the USA, South Africa, and Canada (Burgess et al., 2021; Sampson, Villarreal, & Rubin, 2016; Wozney et al., 2017). Interventions aimed at improving parenting and mother-infant relationships have effectively reduced depressive symptoms in postpartum women (Nath et al., 2020; Raine et al., 2016), which suggests that maternal depression can be modified.

5. Conclusion
In conclusion, we identified mixed results for the association between maternal depression and child stunting. Notably, preliminary evidence suggests that maternal depression may increase the risk of stunting in children. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and support mothers who are chronically depressed to prevent childhood stunting. Beyond just focusing on chronic depression, we also specified clear priorities for future research. Studies with more extended follow-up periods are required to determine the long-term effects of exposure to maternal depression during adolescence and beyond. Maternal depression during early development can have long-term consequences for a child’s growth and development. Investigating potential mediating and moderating factors is vital to understanding the relationship between a mother’s depression and child stunting. 

Limitation
Examinations at the review level may have limitations in terms of the identification of relevant studies. We did not attempt to analyze quantitative data from studies in this study due to considerable heterogeneity between studies in the measurement and categorization of maternal depression exposure, child age at exposure, and child age at the outcome.

Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All ethical principles are considered in this article. The participants were informed of the purpose of the research and its implementation stages. They were also assured about the confidentiality of their information and were free to leave the study whenever they wished, and if desired, the research results would be available to them.

Funding
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors. 

Authors' contributions
Contributed to conducting the project: All authors; Conducted searching and data collection: Sukurni Sukurni and Heriviyatno J.Siagian; Analyzed the data and compiled and revised the paper: La Ode Alifariki and Heriviyatno J.Siagian.

Conflict of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments
We would like to express our gratitude to all parties, particularly the dean of the Medical College of Haluoleo University, Indonesia, and the dean of Science and Technology College of Sembilanbelas November University, Indonesia.


References
Adhikari, R. P., et al. 2020. Parental depression and nutrition: findings from a cross-sectional household survey in Nepal. Public Health Nutrition, 23(16), pp. 2983-93. [DOI:10.1017/S1368980020000968] [PMID]
Ali, D., et al. 2013. Household food insecurity is associated with higher child undernutrition in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Vietnam, but the effect is not mediated by child dietary diversity. The Journal of Nutrition, 143(12), pp. 2015-21. [DOI:10.3945/jn.113.175182] [PMID]
Ali, B.S., et al. 1998. Development of an indigenous screening instrument in Pakistan: The Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 48(9), pp. 261-5 . [PMID]
Anato, A.,  et al. 2020. Maternal depression is associated with child undernutrition: A cross-sectional study in Ethiopia. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 16(3), e12934. [DOI:10.1111/mcn.12934] [PMID] [PMCID]
Ashaba, S., et al. 2015. Maternal depression and malnutrition in children in southwest Uganda: a case control study. BMC Public Health, 15, 1303. [DOI:10.1186/s12889-015-2644-y] [PMID] [PMCID]
Avan, B. I., Raza, S. A., & Kirkwood, B. R., 2015. An epidemiological study of urban and rural children in Pakistan: Examining the relationship between delayed psychomotor development, low birth weight and postnatal growth failure. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 109(3), pp. 189-96. [DOI:10.1093/trstmh/tru162] [PMID] [PMCID]
Avan, B., et al. 2010. Maternal postnatal depression and children’s growth and behaviour during the early years of life: exploring the interaction between physical and mental health. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 95(9), pp. 690-5. [DOI:10.1136/adc.2009.164848] [PMID]
Barker, E. D., et al. 2013. Prenatal maternal depression symptoms and nutrition, and child cognitive function. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 203(6), pp. 417-21. [DOI:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.129486] [PMID] [PMCID]
Berhe, K., et al. 2019. Risk factors of stunting (chronic undernutrition) of children aged 6 to 24 months in Mekelle City, Tigray Region, North Ethiopia: An unmatched case-control study. Plos One, 14(6), e0217736. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0217736] [PMID] [PMCID]
Brentani, A., & Fink, G., 2016. Maternal depression and child development: Evidence from São Paulo’s Western Region Cohort Study. Revista Da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992), 62(6), pp. 524-9. [DOI:10.1590/1806-9282.62.06.524] [PMID]
Burgess, R. A., et al. 2021. Exploring the impact of a complex intervention for women with depression in contexts of adversity: A pilot feasibility study of COURRAGE-plus in South Africa. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 68(4), pp. 873-80. [DOI:10.1177/00207640211010203] [PMID] [PMCID]
de Onis, M., & Branca, F., 2016. Childhood stunting: a global perspective. Maternal & child nutrition, 12(S 1), pp. 12-26. [DOI:10.1111/mcn.12231] [PMID] [PMCID]
Derogatis, L. R., et al. 1974. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A self-report symptom inventory. Behavioral Science, 19(1), pp. 1-15. [DOI:10.1002/bs.3830190102] [PMID]
Downs S. H., & Black, N., 1998. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. Journal Epidemiol Community Health, 52(6), pp. 377-84.  [DOI:10.1136/jech.52.6.377] [PMID] [PMCID]
Emerson, J. A., et al. 2017. Maternal psychological distress and perceived impact on child feeding practices in south kivu, dr congo. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 38(3), pp. 319-37. [DOI:10.1177/0379572117714385] [PMID]
First, M. B., et al. 2015. Structured clinical interview for DSM-5-research version (SCID-5 for DSM-5, Research Version; SCID-5-RV). Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Association. https://books.google.com/books/about/SCID_5_CV.html?id=TqftrQEACAAJ
Freak-Poli, R., et al. 2017. Happiness, rather than depression, is associated with sexual behaviour in partnered older adults. Age and Ageing, 46(1), pp. 101-7. [DOI:10.1093/ageing/afw168] [PMID]
Girma, S., Fikadu, T., & Abdisa, E., 2019. Maternal common mental disorder as predictors of stunting among children aged 6-59 months in western Ethiopia: a case-control study. International Journal of Pediatrics, 2019, 4716482. [DOI:10.1155/2019/4716482] [PMID] [PMCID]
Haithar, S., et al. 2018. Maternal depression and child severe acute malnutrition: a case-control study from Kenya. BMC Pediatrics, 18(1), 289. [DOI:10.1186/s12887-018-1261-1] [PMID] [PMCID]
Higgins, J. P. T., Altman, D. G., & Sterne, J. A. C., 2011. The Cochrane collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias. In: Higgins, J. P. T., & Green, S., editors. Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0. https://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/
Kaaya, S., et al. 2016. Association of maternal depression and infant nutritional status among women living with HIV in T anzania. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 12(3), pp. 603-13. [DOI:10.1111/mcn.12154] [PMID] [PMCID]
Kamis, C.,  2021. The long-term impact of parental mental health on children’s distress trajectories in adulthood. Society and Mental Health, 11(1), pp. 54-68. [DOI:10.1177/2156869320912520] [PMID] [PMCID]
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B., 2001. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of general internal medicine, 16(9), pp. 606-13. [DOI:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x] [PMID] [PMCID]
Lampard, A. M., Franckle, R. L., & Davison, K. K., 2014. Maternal depression and childhood obesity: a systematic review. Preventive medicine, 59, pp. 60-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.11.020] [PMID] [PMCID]
Lima, T. F. M., et al. 2017. Association between maternal depressive symptoms with child malnutrition or child excess weight. Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil, 17(3), pp. 591-601. [DOI:10.1590/1806-93042017000300010]
Lovejoy, M. C., et al. 2000. Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(5), pp. 561-92. [DOI:10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00100-7]
McLearn, K. T., et al. 2006a. Maternal depressive symptoms at 2 to 4 months post partum and early parenting practices. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 160(3), pp. 279-84. [DOI:10.1001/archpedi.160.3.279] [PMID]
McLearn, K. T., et al. 2006b. The timing of maternal depressive symptoms and mothers’ parenting practices with young children: implications for pediatric practice. Pediatrics, 118(1), pp. e174-82. [DOI:10.1542/peds.2005-1551] [PMID]
Medhin, G., et al. 2010. The effect of maternal common mental disorders on infant undernutrition in Butajira, Ethiopia: the P-MaMiE study. BMC Psychiatry, 10, 32. [DOI:10.1186/1471-244X-10-32] [PMID] [PMCID]
Miller, L. C.,et al. 2021. Maternal depression is associated with less dietary diversity among rural Nepali children. Maternal & child nutrition, 17(4), e13221. [DOI:10.1111/mcn.13221] [PMID] [PMCID]
Mohseni, M., Aryankhesal, A., & Kalantari, N., 2018. Prevalence of malnutrition among Iranâ s under five-year-old children and the related factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iranian journal of pediatrics, 28(1), e9189. [DOI:10.5812/ijp.9189]
Montazeri, A., Torkan, B., & Omidvari, S., 2007. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression scale (EPDS): Translation and validation study of the Iranian version. BMC Psychiatry, 7, 11. [DOI:10.1186/1471-244X-7-11] [PMID] [PMCID]
Nath, S., et al. 2020. Maternal personality traits, antenatal depressive symptoms and the postpartum mother-infant relationship: a prospective observational study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(5), pp. 621-34. [DOI:10.1007/s00127-019-01790-y] [PMID]
Netsereab, T.B., et al. 2018. Validation of the WHO self-reporting questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20) item in primary health care settings in Eritrea. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 12, 61.  [DOI:10.1186/s13033-018-0242-y] [PMID] [PMCID]
Park, S., et al. 2018. maternal depression and children’s screen overuse. Journal of Korean medical science, 33(34), e219. [DOI:10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e219] [PMID] [PMCID]
Pitt, B., 1968. “Atypical” depression following childbirth. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 114(516), pp. 1325-35. [DOI:10.1192/bjp.114.516.1325] [PMID]
Pottinger, A. M., Trotman-Edwards, H., & Younger, N., 2009. Detecting depression during pregnancy and associated lifestyle practices and concerns among women in a hospital-based obstetric clinic in Jamaica. General Hospital Psychiatry, 31(3), pp. 254-61. [DOI:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.02.002] [PMID]
Raine, K., et al. 2016. Antenatal interpersonal sensitivity is more strongly associated than perinatal depressive symptoms with postnatal mother-infant interaction quality. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 19(5), pp. 917-25. [DOI:10.1007/s00737-016-0640-6] [PMID]
Rehman, F,. 2011. Schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry. BMJ, 342, c7160 [DOI:10.1136/bmj.c7160]
Saeed, Q., et al. 2017. Maternal depressive symptoms and child nutritional status: A cross-sectional study in socially disadvantaged Pakistani community. Journal of Child Health Care, 21(3), pp. 331-42. [DOI:10.1177/1367493517721063] [PMID]
Alifariki, L. O., et al. 2020. [Risk factors of stunting in children age 24-59 months old (Indonesian)]. Media Keperawatan Indonesia, 3(1), pp. 10-6. [DOI:10.26714/mki.3.1.2020.10-16]
Salma, W. O., & Harleli, H., Alifariki, L. O., 2021a. [Pengembanganmodel edukasi untuk balita stunting: Sistematik review (Malay)]. Nursing Update: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Keperawatan, 12(4), pp. 153-64. https://stikes-nhm.e-journal.id/NU/article/view/540/492
Sampson, M., Villarreal, Y., & Rubin, A., 2016. A problem-solving therapy intervention for low-income, pregnant women at risk for postpartum depression. Research on Social Work Practice, 26(3), pp. 236-42. [DOI:10.1177/1049731514551143]
Shaffer, K., 2014. Center for Epidemiologic Studies depression (CES-D) scale. In: Michalos, A. C., editor. Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research. Netherlands: Springer Netherlands. [DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_300]
Sheehan, D. V., et al. 1998. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(S 20), pp. 22-33;quiz 34-57. [PMID].
Slemming, W., et al. 2017. Early life risk exposure and stunting in urban South African 2-year old children. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 8(3), pp. 301-10. [DOI:10.1017/S2040174417000034] [PMID]
Surkan, P. J., et al. 2011. Maternal depression and early childhood growth in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 89(8), pp. 608-15. [DOI:10.2471/BLT.11.088187] [PMID] [PMCID]
Turner, C. T., & Papinczak, T. A., 2000. An analysis of personal and social factors influencing initiation and duration of breastfeeding in a large Queensland maternity hospital. Breastfeeding Review, 8(1), pp. 25-33. [PMID]
Upadhyay, A. K., & Srivastava, S., 2016. Effect of pregnancy intention, postnatal depressive symptoms and social support on early childhood stunting: findings from India. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16, 107. [DOI:10.1186/s12884-016-0909-9] [PMID] [PMCID]
Vilcins, D., Sly, P. D., & Jagals, P., 2018. Environmental risk factors associated with child stunting: a systematic review of the literature. Annals of Global Health, 84(4), pp. 551-62. [DOI:10.29024/aogh.2361] [PMID] [PMCID]
von Salmuth, V., et al. 2021. Maternal-focused interventions to improve infant growth and nutritional status in low-middle income countries: A systematic review of reviews. PloS One, 16(8), e0256188. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0256188] [PMID] [PMCID]
Wemakor, A., & Mensah, K. A., 2016. Association between maternal depression and child stunting in Northern Ghana: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 869.  [DOI:10.1186/s12889-016-3558-z] [PMID] [PMCID]
World Health Organization, 2020. Stunting prevalence among children under 5 years of age (%) [Internet]. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/gho-jme-stunting-prevalence
Wozney, L., et al. 2017. Strongest FamiliesTM Managing Our Mood (MOM): A randomized controlled trial of a distance intervention for women with postpartum depression. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 20(4), pp. 525-37. [DOI:10.1007/s00737-017-0732-y]