● Spirituality is a prominent factor in achieving balance in life that maintains health and well-being.
● Holistic health care mandates attention to the spirit as well as other aspects.
● Studies indicate that nurses’ perception of their own spirituality influences how to identify the clients’ spiritual needs, plan the suitable care, and implement the proper intervention.
● Regardless of nurses’ positive attitudes towards providing spiritual care, they have insufficient skill in delivering spiritual care interventions.
Plain Language Summary
According to the holistic model, body, mind, and spirit are interrelated, so providing spiritual care is an integral feature of holistic nursing care. In other words, it is important for health care providers to include physical, psychological, sociocultural, and spiritual dimensions in their therapeutic interventions. This study aimed to examine nurses’ attitudes towards spiritual care and its practices. Our results indicate that nurses should strengthen their abilities to provide spiritual care for their patients. Lack of training in spiritual care may be the main reason for not providing such care. Thus, holding inter-professional training, workshop, and in-service education are suggested. In addition, appropriate approach for teaching spiritual benefits and increasing nurses’ abilities for providing spiritual care seems necessary.

● Higher dependence in performing basic and instrumental activities of daily living increases the risk of pressure ulcer.
● Basic activities of daily living is more important than instrumental activities in the development of pressure ulcer.
● All subscales of basic and instrumental activities of daily living are associated with the development of pressure ulcer.
●The degree of dependence in basic and instrumental activities of daily living can be one of the predictors of pressure ulcer development.
Plain Language Summary
Daily living activities like bathing, dressing, and instrumental daily activities like shopping or housekeeping decrease the risk of bed sore. It is particularly important in patients aged above 45 years with chronic diseases. The degree of dependence in daily activities can be one of the predictors of bed sore development. Therefore, in the field of education, it is necessary to hold training classes and methods for nursing staff in order that they teach empowerment techniques to their patients. Also training programs for patients, public community, especially older people should be held with respect to strategies for increasing their independence. Family members of at-risk patients should plan appropriately to increase the independency of the patients in performing such activities. Most importantly, patients who are at risk must try to manage their activities independently as far as they can.

● The perceived stress scores are higher in women than in men.
● Women use the problem-focused mechanisms, while men use emotion-focused mechanisms.
● There is a positive significant relationship between positive perceived stress and coping mechanisms in both men and women.
● Useful coping strategies are playing key role in mental health of infertile couples.
Plain Language Summary
Infertility is a stressful incident that can threaten the stability of the marriage, family and the society. Some researchers believe that psychological elements such as coping strategies to face the r problems and perceived stress are very important in dealing with infertility. Our present study try to explain how coping strategies and stress can impact couples who are under treatment of infertility. Based on the results, perceived stress was higher in women. Moreover, women used problem-focused mechanisms more frequently, while men used emotion-focused mechanisms more. In both men and women, there was a positive significant relationship between positive perceived stress and coping mechanisms. In dealing with stress using the proper coping strategies like problem-focused are more useful than emotional-focused ones. For learning better coping strategies, couples needs the individual and group counseling and psychotherapy sessions along with the medical infertility treatment programs.

● Control of diabetes comprises nutrition, exercise, blood glucose, drug therapy, and patient education.
● One of the most effective methods for improving the education is teach-back method used to better understand information.
Plain Language Summary
Diabetes is the most common chronic disease worldwide and is a major public health problem in Iran. Based on the studies, diabetes has a negative impact on the quality of life. In chronic diseases, the patient has 95% of care and treatment responsibility (personal management). This study discusses the effect of education by teach-back method on health promoting life style of patients with type 2 diabetes. Based on the results, teach-back method is effective on type 2 diabetic patients lifestyle and health program planners can use this method to promote the health and empowerment of patients with chronic diseases.

● Foot reflexology massage improves sleep quality of the elderly women with restless legs syndrome.
● Elderly often suffer from many physical complications including restless legs syndrome.
● Foot reflexology can be used as a safe and non-medicinal intervention in older women with restless legs syndrome.
Plain Language Summary
This paper reports the effect of foot reflexology massage on sleep quality of the elderly women with Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). This syndrome causes unpleasant or uncomfortable sensations in the legs and an irresistible urge to move them. It is a common neurological movement disorder that its prevalence increases with age. Women are twice as likely to develop RLS. Symptoms commonly occur in the late afternoon or evening hours, and are often most severe at night when an older adults are resting or lying in bed. On the other hand, sleep quality changes as a function of normal aging, both in terms of decreased duration and consolidation, and it plays a critical role in promoting good health. Unfortunately, sleep quality is usually worse at night in older adults with RLS. Because of the effects of RLS on the life of older adults, treatment plan to relieve RLS symptoms is important. Leg massage is an easy and relaxing treatment that could ease RLS symptoms. Reflexology as a foot massage involves application of pressure to the feet with specific thumb, finger, and hand techniques without the use of oil or lotion. The results showed that the foot reflexology massage had a positive effect on the sleep quality of the elderly women with RLS. It is recommended that

● Delirium in patients hospitalized in coronary care units are common.
● Delirium can be decreased in these patients by providing suitable environmental modifications.
● These modification include more cooperation of the medical staff, describing the environmental conditions, and allowing relatives to see the patient.
Plain Language Summary
Delirium is one of the oldest known medical disorders, characterized by acute and swirling start (several hours to several days) disturbances in consciousness, orientation, memory, thinking, perception, and behavior. The patients hospitalized at coronary care units are susceptible to delirium which is responsible for an increased death rate among these patients. The results obtained in the present study confirmed that the modification of the sensory stimulations can significantly reduce the delirium rate among the patients hospitalized at coronary care units.

● Majority of burn patients had sleep disorders after discharge.
● Frequent nighttime awakenings, sleep latency, and sleepiness during the day were the most common sleep disorders.
● Sleep quality is associated with gender, educational level, marital status, and burn area.
Plain Language Summary
Sleep problems are common after burn injury and during the healing and recovery periods. Insomnia can come and go over the years and may require different solutions at different times. It is important to get treatment for poor sleep because it can be harmful in a number of ways. For some, it can even be extremely distressing and debilitating, and actually interfere with patient's recovery from the burn injury.